Lodz-Warsaw 1946. translated from the original English by J. Hempel, foreword by R. Jablonowski, second expanded edition, publishers: Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza SŁOWO and Spółdzielczy Instytut Wydawniczy. S. 240, form. 16 x 22.5, cover and layout by Eugeniusz Zdun. Booklet binding slightly bent at edges. Piece uncut.
Mutual Aid as a Factor of Development is one of the best known works of Peter Kropotkin. He wrote it in England, during the period of the greatest popularity of the theories of the "Social-Darwinists" Hobbes and Huxley, for whom humanity was, as Kropotkin himself formulates, "a loose assemblage of beings always ready for mutual struggle and limited in their, instincts only by the influence of some power." These theories were a normal reflection of life in England at the time, which was conquering the world thanks to "free competition." The refutation of this theory, a theory that can be emphatically characterized by the well-known saying "man is a wolf to man," is an important goal and content of Kropotkin's work.
